SS-31

A mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide that binds cardiolipin, developed clinically as elamipretide and approved in the United States as Forzinity.

What research shows

SS-31 is unusual here: its clinical form, elamipretide, has been through randomized controlled trials. In primary mitochondrial myopathy, the MMPOWER-3 trial did not show a significant overall benefit, with genotype-specific analyses explored afterward. Development in Barth syndrome and eye disease is documented in reviews. Research-market vials are not the clinical product.

Evidence strength

Highest evidence grade among the graded claims: B. Grades reflect study strength, not benefit.

Safety context

See the safety section. Absence of a flag is not evidence of safety.

No endorsement

A grade reflects evidence strength, not a recommendation to use this compound; a strong grade can attach to a harmful effect.